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| 1906 |
| | | German physicist Walther Nernst establishes the Third Law of Thermodynamics, dealing with temperatures close to absolute zero | |
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| 1908 |
| | | German physicist Hans Geiger, working in England with Rutherford, develops an instrument that can detect and count alpha particles | |
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| 1909 |
| | | US physicist Robert A. Millikan devises an oil drop experiment that determines the charge of an electron | |
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| 1911 |
| | | Charles Wilson, using his cloud chamber to detect the passage of charged particles, obtains his first photographs of alpha and beta rays | |
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| 1911 |
| | | Ernest Rutherford proposes the concept of the nucleus as a positively charged mass at the centre of an atom | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Albert Einstein formulates the law of photochemical equivalence, a fundamental principle of chemical reactions induced by light | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Lawrence Bragg and his father, William, together develop X-ray crystallography, based on the diffraction patterns of crystals | |
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| 1913 |
| | | The Danish physicist Niels Bohr uses quantum theory as a key to understanding the structure of the atom | |
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| 1913 |
| | | English physicist Henry Moseley proposes that the atomic number of an element is a physical reality, thus laying the basis for the modern periodic table | |
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| 1915 |
| | | Einstein submits a paper, The field equations of gravitation, containing the sums required to explain the general theory of relativity | |
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